Core API v3#
Note
For migration instructions from the v2 API check our migration guide.
This API provides a functional interface to all of ImageIOs backends. It is split into two parts: Everyday Usage and Advanced Usage. The first part (everyday usage) focusses on sensible defaults and automation to cover everyday tasks such as plain reading or writing of images. The second part (advanced usage) focusses on providing fully-featured and performant access to all the features of a particular backend.
API Overview#
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Read an ndimage from a URI. |
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Write an ndimage to the given URI. |
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Read a sequence of ndimages from a URI. |
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Read standardized metadata. |
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Read format-specific metadata. |
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Open an ImageResource. |
Everyday Usage#
Reading and Writing#
Frequently, the image-related IO you wish to perform can be summarized as “I want to load X as a numpy array.”, or “I want to save my array as a XYZ file”. This should not be complicated, and it is, in fact, as simple as calling the corresponding function:
import imageio.v3 as iio
# reading:
img = iio.imread("imageio:chelsea.png")
# writing:
iio.imwrite("out_image.jpg", img)
# (Check the examples section for many more examples.)
Both functions accept any ImageResource as their first argument, which means you can read/write almost anything image related; from simple JPGs through ImageJ hyperstacks to MP4 video or RAW formats. Check the Supported Formats docs for a list of all formats (that we are aware of).
If you do need to customize or tweak this process you can pass additional keyword arguments (kwargs) to overwrite any defaults ImageIO uses when reading or writing. The following kwargs are always available:
plugin
: The name of the plugin to use for reading/writing.extension
: Treat the provided ImageResource as if it had the given extension.index
(reading only): The index of the ndimage to read. Useful if the format supports storing more than one (GIF, multi-page TIFF, video, etc.).
Additional kwargs are specific to the plugin being used and you can find a list of available ones in the documentation of the specific plugin (where they are listed as parameters). A list of all available plugins can be found here and you can read more about the above kwargs in the documentation of the respective function (imread/imwrite/etc.).
Handling Metadata#
ImageIO serves two types of metadata: ImageProperties and format-specific metadata.
ImageProperties
are a
collection of standardized metadata fields and are supported by all plugins and
for all supported formats. If a file doesn’t carry the relevant field or if a
format doesn’t support it, its value is set to a sensible default. You can
access the properties of an image by calling improps
:
import imageio.v3 as iio
props = iio.improps("imageio:newtonscradle.gif")
props.shape
props.dtype
# ...
As with the other functions of the API, you can pass generally available kwargs (plugin, index, …) to improps to modify the behavior. Plugins may specify additional plugin-specific keyword arguments, and those are documented in the plugin-specific docs. Further, accessing this metadata is efficient in the sense that it doesn’t load (decode) pixel data.
Format-specific metadata is handled by immeta
:
import imageio.v3 as iio
meta = iio.immeta("imageio:newtonscradle.gif")
It returns a dictionary of non-standardized metadata fields. It, too, supports
general kwargs (plugin, index, …) which may be extended by a specific
plugin. Further, it accepts a kwarg called exclude_applied
. If set to True,
this will remove any items from the dictionary that would be consumed by a read
call to the plugin. For example, if the metadata sets a rotation flag (the raw
pixel data should be rotated before displaying it) and the plugin’s read call
will rotate the image because if it, then setting exclude_applied=True
will
remove the rotation field from the returned metadata. This can be useful to keep
an image and it’s metadata in sync.
Further, this type of metadata is much more specific than ImageProperties
because different plugins (and formats) may return and support different fields.
This means that you can get much more specific metadata for a format, e.g., a
frame’s side data in a video format, but you need to be mindful of the plugin
and format used because these fields may not exist all the time, e.g., jpeg and
most other image formats have no side data. In general we try to match a fields
name to the name it has in a format; however, we may adjust this if the name is
not a valid python string. The best way to know which fields exist for your
specific ImageResource is to call immeta
on it and inspect the result.
Advanced Usage#
Iterating Video and Multi-Page Formats#
Some formats (GIF, MP4, TIFF, among others) allow storage of more than one
ndimage in the same file, and you may wish to process all ndimages in such a
file instead of just a single one. While iio.imread(...)
allows you to read all ndimages and stack them
into a ndarray (using index=…; check the docs), this comes with two
problems:
Some formats (e.g., SPE or TIFF) allow multiple ndimages with different shapes in the same file, which prevents stacking.
Some files (especially video) are too big to fit into memory when loaded all at once.
To address these problems, the v3 API introduces iio.imiter
; a generator yielding ndimages in the order in
which they appear in the file:
import imageio.v3 as iio
for frame in iio.imiter("imageio:cockatoo.mp4"):
pass # do something with each frame
Just like imread, imiter accepts additional kwargs to overwrite any defaults
used by ImageIO. Like before, the function-specific documentation
details the kwargs that are always present, and
additional kwargs are plugin specific and documented by the respective plugin.
Low-Level Access#
At times you may need low-level access to a plugin or file, for example, because:
you wish to have fine-grained control over when the file is opened/closed.
you need to perform multiple IO operations and don’t want to open the file multiple times.
a plugin/backend offers unique features not otherwise exposed by the high-level API.
For these cases the v3 API offers iio.v3.imopen
. It provides a context manager that initializes
the plugin and opens the file for reading ("r"
) or writing ("w"
),
similar to the Python built-in function open
:
import imageio.v3 as iio
with iio.imopen("imageio:chelsea.png", "r") as image_file:
props = image_file.properties()
# ... configure HPC pipeline and unicorns
img = image_file.read()
# image_file.plugin_specific_function()
Similar to above, you can pass the plugin
kwarg to imopen to control the
plugin that is being used. The returned plugin instance (image_file) exposes
the v3 plugin API
, and can be
used for low-level access.